Dissection

Assalaamu'alaikum,

Dissecting Human Dead Bodies for Medical Purposes

In the first place, we would like to note that Islam cares much for a person whether dead or alive. Jabir Ibn `Abdullah (may Allah be pleased with him) said: “One day we accompanied the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) in a funeral of a person. When we reached the graves, we sat down. The gravedigger brought out a bone- of a leg or another organ- and began to break it. The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: ‘Do not break it, for breaking this bone, even after the death of its owner, is like breaking it while he/she is alive.’” (Reported by Malik, Ibn Majah and Abu Dawud)

Handling the issue of dissecting human dead body for medical purposes or the like, Sheikh `Attiya Saqr, former Head of Al-Azhar Fatwa Committee, issues the following fatwa:
In fact, there is no religious text tackling directly the issue of using the organs of the dead for medical or scientific research. The issue is controversial among Muslim scholars; each making his own Ijtihad (Personal Reasoning).

In the fatwa issued by the Egyptian House of Fatwa on 31st Oct. 1937 on the issue of dissecting the belly of a dead person who swallowed an amount of money, it is stated:
The Hanafi scholars permit dissecting the belly of such a person if the money belongs to another person and the deceased left no money that can be given to the owner. The simple reason for this is that the right of a human being takes priority over the right of Allah and the right of the wrongdoer. It goes without saying that it was a wrong thing done by the deceased by unjustifiably taking a person’s money.

The view of the Shafi`i scholars is that they permit dissecting the belly of a dead person for the purpose of taking out money without giving further details on the issue. The same view adopted by Maliki jurist, Sahnun, while Ahmad holds the opposite view.

As for opening the belly of a dead mother for the very purpose of taking out the baby, the Hanafi scholars permit it if the baby is known to be alive, for this will help in saving the life of a human being. The same view is upheld by Shafi`i scholars while the Malikis and the Hanbalis disallow it.

The correct opinion is that the rules and the objectives of Shari`ah indicate that if there is a benefit behind opening the belly of a dead person, leading to establishing the cause of death or restoring back a right, then dissection is permissible in this case.

The Fatwa of late Sheikh Jadul-Haq `Ali Haq, former Grand Imam of Al-Azhar (may Allah bless his soul) also reads:
According to both Imam Abu Hanifah and Ash-Shafi`i, it is permissible to open the belly of a dead person, if there is a valid reason for doing so, such as taking out a living baby or valuable or precious thing (money or jewelry or the like) that the person has swallowed. The view of Malik and Ahmad is that it is allowable to do so in case of money and not in case of a baby. I myself support this view. To me, there is nothing wrong in opening the belly of a dead person so as to take out something valuable such as a living baby or money of considerable value.

As for using human organs after death, late Sheikh Jadul-Haq adds:

It is permissible, if the deceased is of unknown personality or family, to take his/her bodily organs and use it in treating another person or for medical research. All these are in fact very important and of general benefit for all Muslims.

Now, to the question of using the bodily organs of a dead person for research purposes. The Fatwa of Sheikh `Ikrimah Sabri, the Mufti of Al-Quds & the Khatib of Al-Aqsa Mosque, states:
Islam shows unprecedented care for the needs of man and the necessities of life. It makes it permissible to reveal the private parts of a male or a female in case of necessity. All this stems from the juristic rules: “Necessity dictates exceptions.” This rule is also governed by another rule that reads: “Necessities are duly estimated."

It is thus permissible to dissect the dead body of a person with the very aim of discovering diseases or finding out a treatment or knowing the functions of bodily organs and the component of human body. It is also permissible to resort to carry out this process for the purpose of knowing the reason that caused the death of a person, and this will be useful for homicidal investigation. Using the bodily parts of a dead person is also permissible for the students of medicine who do so as a way of training. However, this is to be carried out in a place specialized for that purpose and not open for everybody.
By and large, dissecting human dead bodies for medical research is permissible so long as the Islamic morals of preserving the body and confining the process to such medical purposes are maintained.

Elaborating on the issue of conducting postmortem, we would like to cite for you the following:
A postmortem is permissible if it is conducted for the right purpose. We can say that determining the cause of death, either when a crime is suspected or to enable medical students and their teachers to learn about the effects of certain diseases, is a legitimate purpose to carry out a postmortem. Many people are under the impression that postmortems are forbidden in Islam. It is certainly forbidden to show disrespect to or assault the dead body of any person. Islam forbids the disfigurement of enemy soldiers in battle. It would certainly not allow the cutting up of dead bodies for idle play. A legitimate purpose, however, is different. If a medical purpose is not legitimate, what is?

Source: www.islamicity. com

Dr. Muzzamil Siddiq, former President of Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), adds:
Dissection of the human bodies for the purpose of medical education is allowed in Islam. There is a basic rule in the Shari`ah that says: “What is necessary for the fulfillment of an obligation, becomes an obligation itself.” It is obligatory to treat people and perform surgeries on them when they need. To perform this obligation it is necessary to study human anatomy and for this purpose dissection has to be done as and when necessary.

It is, however, important that the bodies should be taken with the consent of the deceased or his/her relatives. If the deceased had no relative and his/her body was unclaimed, then such bodies can be used for the dissection purpose only with the permission of a local other legal authorities.

The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) said: “The ruler (or the legal authority) is the guardian of him who has no guardian.” If a Muslim’s body is used for the dissection, then it should be washed. Funeral prayer should be performed before the dissection. After the dissection all the parts of the body should be collected in a bag and then they should be properly buried. I am told that some Muslim medical schools did follow this procedure.

However, stealing the bodies from the graveyards is prohibited. This is exactly a grave sin. A Muslim should neither steal a dead person’s body, nor should Muslim medical students buy or use such bodies. Those who have done that out of ignorance should make repentance to Allah and ask His forgiveness.

Excerpted, with slight modifications, from: www.pakistanilink. com

In conclusion, it is to be noted that scholars have a lot to say on the issue at hand, but as we have noticed the preponderant view is that dissecting human dead bodies is permissible on the condition that it is done while adhering to the Islamic regulations stated above which aim at maintaining the highest degree of security and safety of the body.

Kejadian Manusia

Friday, May 15, 2009

Mari Mengenal Saraf Kranial

Salaam,

Anda ada masalah bahasa? Sukar memahami anatomi kerana bahasa? Anda ada alternatif. Berikut adalah nota saraf kranial terjemahan bahasa melayu. Ia hanya untuk memudahkan anda. Kebanyakan buku anatomi tubuh manusia adalah di dalam bahasa inggeris. Anda perlu menguasai kedua-dua bahasa.

Sebelum mengenali saraf kranial, mari mengenal sistem saraf secara umum.

Sistem Saraf sebagaimana yang anda pelajari di peringkat sekolah menengah terbahagi kepada 2:

1. Sistem Saraf Pusat (Central Nervous System)
2. Sistem Saraf Periferi (Peripheral Nervous System)

Sistem Saraf Pusat terdiri daripada 2:

1. Otak (Brain)
2. Saraf tunjang (Spinal Cord)

Sistem Saraf Periferi pula terdiri daripada 2:

1. Saraf Kranial (Cranial Nerves)
2. Saraf Spinal (Spinal Nerves)



SARAF KRANIAL (Cranial Nerves (CN))

1. Terdapat 12 pasang saraf kranial (kanan dan kiri).
2. Saraf-saraf kranial kelihatan muncul daripada bahagian bawah otak.
3. Selalunya dikenali dengan nombor. Ia juga boleh mempunyai nama sendiri.

CN1- Olfactory nerve -adalah saraf untuk bau (smell or olfaction)

CN2- Optic nerve -saraf untuk melihat (sight-related to optics)

CN3- Oculomotor nerve -saraf ke otot mata (pertaining to eye- ocular)

CN4- Trochlear nerve -saraf otot mata superior oblique yang mempunyai penyangkuk (pulley = trochlea)

CN5- Trigeminal nerve -saraf tri-geminal kerana ada 3 bahagian (tri=three)
i. Bahagian Ophthalmic -ke orbit mata
ii. Bahagian Maxillary -ke rahang atas (upper jaw)
iii.Bahagian Mandibular -ke rahang bawah (lower jaw)

CN6- Abducent nerve -saraf otot lateral rectus yang abduksikan bola mata (abducent=abduct)

CN7- Facial nerve -saraf otot muka

CN8- Vestibulo-cohchlear nerve -ada 2 bahagian:
i. Vestibular nerve -untuk keseimbangan (equilibrium)
ii. Cochlear nerve -untuk pendengaran (auditory)

CN9- Glossopharyngeal nerve -ke lidah (glosso-lidah) dan pharynx

CN10- Vagus nerve -saraf 'merayau' (vagrant-wandering) kerana mensarafi kawasan yang meluas ke leher, thorax dan abdomen)

CN11- Accessory nerve -saraf 'aksesori' kerana kelihatan seperti sebahagian daripada saraf vagus (accessory to vagus)

CN12- Hypoglossal nerve -saraf ke otot lidah yang bergerak ke bawah lidah sebelum mensarafinya (hypo-bawah, glosso-lidah)

Ingat tau yang 12 ni penting! Boleh lihat gambar yang bagus di laman berikut:

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/cranial.html


Justingat
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